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Security Privacy Preserving Measurement decibels replay The Distributed Aggregation Protocol (DAP) can be a key component of a system that provides differentially-private guarantees for participants. Extensions to DAP are defined to support these guarantees. This includes bindings of reports to specific options, so that the aggregation service can better implement privacy budgeting and replay protections. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Privacy Preserving Measurement Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction The Distributed Aggregation Protocol (DAP) can be used as part of a differentially-private system. Differential privacy depends on being able to limit the contributions from participants. The basic mechanism that DAP uses to cap contributions is anti-replay. Aggregators are responsible for ensuring that the same report cannot be aggregated more than once. An honest participant will contribute a limited number of reports and can rely on at least one aggregator preventing that report from being used multiple times. (The threat model does not seek to protect the privacy of a dishonest participant.) This basic anti-replay mechanism allows DAP to provide caps on contributions. The resulting system is somewhat inflexible, which can limit the applicability of the protocol outside of the narrowly-defined usage modes in the basic specification. This document defines several report extensions to DAP that either enable greater flexibility or help constrain the flexibility allowed by other options. This document also defines a task provisioning extension (see ) that lists the report extensions that need to included in every report. This ensures that the task is correctly configured to recognize these report extensions.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Late Task Binding DAP presently requires that a client be aware of the task that it is contributing to. The identity of the task is bound to each report through the inclusion of the task ID in the call to the sharding function of the VDAF (). The late_binding report extension (codepoint 0xTBD) signals to aggregators that a report was not bound to a specific task when it was created. Late task binding might be useful when reports are collected by an intermediary. The client that generates the report in this case might be unaware of how the report will ultimately be aggregated. This allows the intermediary to defer the creation of a task until it has determined the necessary parameters for the task. When sharding and protecting reports, the task ID is replaced with a the fixed, 32-byte sequence of b13e8440f1cdb4da51eed3967e0a2652d27f5005bc35f751daf188b4b746708b (in hex). Enforcing anti-replay for a report that is not bound to a specific task is challenging. An aggregator cannot constrain its search for duplicate reports to those that were submitted to the task. This could greatly increase the cost of meeting anti-replay requirements. The intent with this extension is that additional constraints, such as one or more of the scoping extensions (see ), will be used to make it more feasible for an aggregator to comply with anti-replay requirements.

Scoping Extensions The DAP report extensions in this section might be used to either constrain the use of reports for tasks that are configured with matching values or group reports for the purposes of detecting duplicates. Including additional scoping information can also ensure that reports do not get reused outside of their intended scope. This section defines report extensions that carry requester identity () and report partition ().

Requester (Website) Identity Reports might be requested by an entity that operates at lower trust level than the entity that assembles the report. The entity at the lower trust level might not have access to the information necessary to generate the report. The requester_identity report extension (codepoint 0xTBD) contains an encoding of the entity that requested the report be created. For example, an application could ask the operating system to generate a report using information that would normally be withheld from it. Similarly, a website could ask a web browser to generate a report based on otherwise secret information. In either case, the release of information for report is conditional on it only being used by a specific aggregation service under terms that have been previously established with the aggregators. Binding the report to the identity of the requester ensures that any use of the system can be accounted for as coming from that requester. The specific encoding used in this extension will depend on the application. This extension therefore contains a sequence of application-defined bytes. However, the use of a globally-unique identifier, such as an origin () or serialized site (), reduces the likelihood of name collisions. A name collision might either allow two requesters that share an aggregator to share and reuse each others reports (or perhaps to marginally increase the odds of having reports spuriously detected duplicates).

Report Partition This extension allows a client to bind a report to an application-defined label. This allows applications to partition reports and have each partition managed separately. The report_partition report extension (codepoint 0xTBD) contains an application-defined sequence of bytes. The use of this report extension allows aggregators to partition their state for tracking reports. Duplicate reports only need to be tracked across a matching partition, for detecting duplicates within a task or for detecting duplicates across tasks. The selection of partition values might need to be coordinated with aggregators. If partitions are used by aggregators, the amount of state the aggregator tracks is increased by the number of partitions. This represents an increase in total storage, in exchange for reducing the scope over which that storage needs to be consistent. An aggregator could constrain the values that are accepted for this extension, rejecting reports that lack the extension or have disallowed values.

Privacy Budget Consumption The gathering of reports can be modeled as the expenditure of privacy budget by a client. That is, clients treat the creation of a report from private information as a limited release of information. Total privacy loss in this case is determined by the combination of two factors:

• How the report is aggregated.
• How many reports are produced.

If aggregation includes the application of an appropriate differential privacy mechanism (that is, added noise; see , , and ), the client might rely on an understanding of that mechanism to model privacy loss. However, without finer controls, clients need to attribute a fixed privacy loss to each report. Consequently, the client needs to limit the number of reports it generates. A budget ensures that the total privacy loss can be bounded while providing more flexibility in how reports are constructed. Privacy loss associated with any report (or information release) can be adjusted. Importantly, the amount of noise added to aggregates is based on the expended budget. In general, spending more privacy budget means that less noise is needed to maintain the same level of privacy; conversely, spending less budget means more noise. A budget might be specified in terms of a metric (like the epsilon parameter in (ε, δ)-differential privacy) that is expended with each information release. For example, for an overall budget of ε=10 might be split four ways: (0.5, 1.5, 2, 6). Noise might then be added, drawing from a distribution with a width inversely proportional to the budget spent; that is, a distribution with a standard deviation proportional to 2, 2/3, 1/2, and 1/6 respectively. This extension gives clients the ability to manage privacy budget expenditure. By binding the amount of budget spent to each report, the client can transfer responsibility for applying differential privacy to the aggregation service. The addition of noise by the aggregation service can ensure a better trade-off between the amount of added noise and privacy parameters.

Privacy Budget Report Extension Format The privacy_budget report extension (codepoint 0xTBD) encodes the amount of privacy budget that the client considers to be expended as a result of producing a report. The value of the codepoint is an encoding of the number of micro-epsilons of budget that are expended, using as many bytes as needed to encode the value in network byte order. Each unit is a one-millionth of an epsilon (ε) as used in (ε, δ)-differential privacy. The micro-epsilon value is encoded as a 32-bit integer in network byte order. This permits the expenditure of up to ε=4294.967295.

Privacy Budget Usage An aggregator that is configured to apply a differential privacy mechanism can operate in one of two modes: either one where the privacy budget value is validated and reports that contain a small value are rejected; or, where the minimum privacy budget value is used to determine the parameters for the differential privacy mechanism. In the first mode, aggregators each validate this parameter as part of validating each report. The value in the report is compared with the value configured for the task. A report that contains a value that is lower than the value configured for the task is the result of a client that expects that the aggregators will add more noise than the task configuration presently allows. Aggregators MUST reject reports with a privacy budget value that is smaller than their configured privacy budget. Alternatively, aggregators could adjust the parameters of the differential privacy mechanism they use to match the smallest privacy budget that was included in reports. For long-running tasks that produce multiple outputs over time, it is only necessary to ensure that each output contain noise that is based on the minimum budget expenditure of the reports that are included in that aggregate. This report extension can be used to protect reports that are conveyed from client by untrusted entities, especially where those entities might be able to choose any task, as enabled by the late_binding report extension (). This parameter ensures that the entity cannot direct reports to a task that has an inadequate differential privacy mechanism.

Task Configuration Extensions DAP tasks that are created with the DAP task configuration extension can set constraints on the reports that are accepted for a task. ; ]]> Analogues of the requester_identity () and privacy_budget () report extensions are defined. These task provisioning extensions ensure that reports submitted to the task include the corresponding report extensions and ensure that reports with invalid values are rejected.

Single Requester Task Extension This single_requester task provisioning extension contains the identity of a requester. The format of this is identical to the requester_identity report extension; see . Use of this extension indicates that all reports submitted to the task MUST include a requester_identity report extension with the specified value. All reports that omit that extension or contain a different value MUST be rejected.

Privacy Budget Task Extension The task_budget task provisioning extension contains the maximum privacy budget that can be expended on the task. The value is encoded identically to the privacy_budget report extension; see . The task_budget task provisioning extension both establishes a requirement for reports to include the privacy_budget report extension and sets an upper bound on the amount of privacy budget that can be expended. Reports that contain no privacy_budget report extension or those that contain a privacy_budget report extension value larger than the value in the task_budget extension MUST be rejected. The value of this extension can be used to determine privacy budget expenditure (if centrally managed) or to set noise parameters. Aggregators could also use the maximum value across all submitted reports, if that value is lower.

Security Considerations Security factors specific to each extension is enumerated in the respective sections: , , , and . Use of DAP is subject to the security considerations of DAP () and the VDAF that is in use (.

IANA Considerations This document registers extensions in the "Report Extension Identifiers" registry established in . The new registrations are listed in . DAP Extensions

Value	Name	Reference
TBD	late_binding
TBD	requester_identity
TBD	partition
TBD	privacy_budget

This document registers the report_extensions task provisioning extension in the "Taskbind Extensions" registry established in : Task Provisioning Extensions

Value	Name	Reference
TBD	single_requester
TBD	task_budget

References Normative References ISRG Cloudflare ISRG Independent Cloudflare There are many situations in which it is desirable to take measurements of data which people consider sensitive. In these cases, the entity taking the measurement is usually not interested in people's individual responses but rather in aggregated data. Conventional methods require collecting individual responses and then aggregating them on some server, thus representing a threat to user privacy and rendering many such measurements difficult and impractical. This document describes a multi-party distributed aggregation protocol (DAP) for privacy preserving measurement which can be used to collect aggregate data without revealing any individual contributor's data. Apple Inc. Cloudflare An extension for the Distributed Aggregation Protocol (DAP) is specified that cryptographically binds the parameters of a task to the task's execution. In particular, when a client includes this extension with its report, the servers will only aggregate the report if all parties agree on the task parameters. This document also specifies an optional mechanism for in-band task provisioning that builds on the report extension. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. Informative References WHATWG Cisco ISRG Cloudflare Google This document describes Verifiable Distributed Aggregation Functions (VDAFs), a family of multi-party protocols for computing aggregate statistics over user measurements. These protocols are designed to ensure that, as long as at least one aggregation server executes the protocol honestly, individual measurements are never seen by any server in the clear. At the same time, VDAFs allow the servers to detect if a malicious or misconfigured client submitted an invalid measurement. Two concrete VDAFs are specified, one for general- purpose aggregation (Prio3) and another for heavy hitters (Poplar1). Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS This document defines the concept of an "origin", which is often used as the scope of authority or privilege by user agents. Typically, user agents isolate content retrieved from different origins to prevent malicious web site operators from interfering with the operation of benign web sites. In addition to outlining the principles that underlie the concept of origin, this document details how to determine the origin of a URI and how to serialize an origin into a string. It also defines an HTTP header field, named "Origin", that indicates which origins are associated with an HTTP request. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Now Publishers Apple Inc. Apple Inc. Cloudflare Apple Inc. Apple Inc. Differential Privacy (DP) is a property of a secure aggregation mechanism that ensures that no single input measurement significantly impacts the distribution of the aggregate result. This is a stronger property than what systems like the Distributed Aggregation Protocol (DAP) are designed to achieve. This document describes a variety of DP mechansisms applicable to DAP, and, for a variety of common use cases, lifts DAP to a protocol that also achieves DP.

Acknowledgments Roxana Geambesu noted that a binding to requester identity () was an important component of a robust differential privacy system design.