]> Princeton University

birgelee@princeton.edu

Princeton University

gcimaszewski@princeton.edu

Princeton University

cyrill.k@princeton.edu

Princeton University

lw19@princeton.edu

ISRG

aaron@letsencrypt.org

Princeton University

pmittal@princeton.edu

Security Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME PKI CAA Cryptographic domain validation procedures leverage authenticated communication channels to ensure resilience against attacks by both on-path and off-path network adversaries which attempt to tamper with communications between the Certification Authority (CA) and the network resources related to the domain contained in the certificate. Domain owners can leverage "security" Property Tags specified in CAA records (defined in ) with the critical flag set, to ensure that CAs perform cryptographically-constrained domain validation during their issuance procedure, hence defending against global man-in-the-middle adversaries. This document defines the syntax of the CAA security Property as well as acceptable means for cryptographically-constrained domain validation procedures. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction A CAA security Property Tag is compliant with and puts restrictions on the circumstances under which a CA is allowed to sign a certificate for a given domain. A security Property Tag on a domain implies that validation for this domain must be done in a manner that defends against network adversaries even if an adversary is capable of intercepting and/or modifying communication between the CA and the network resources related to the domain being validated. Issuance of a certificate to a domain with a security Property Tag MUST follow one of the specified Cryptographically-constrained Domain Validation (CDV) methods outlined in this document or future extensions. CDV methods MUST rely on protocols (like DNSSEC or DoH/DoT) that offer security properties even in the presence of man-in-the-middle adversaries that can intercept any communication occurring over the public Internet. Not all CDV methods are themselves compliant with the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted TLS Server Certificates. Hence, any CDV method that does not meet the CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements for TLS server certificate issuance must be used in conjunction with such a compliant domain validation method.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Cryptographic Domain Validation The goal of cryptographically-constrained domain validation is to ensure that domain validation is based on communication channels that are authenticated through cryptographic operations.

Threat Model Cryptographic domain validation defends against a network adversary that can block, intercept, modify, and forge arbitrary network packets sent between a CA and the domain's network resources, but cannot forge cryptographic objects, such as signatures and encrypted data. Cryptographic domain validation is based on DNS and thus assumes that a domain owner can securely mange their DNS records, i.e., communication between the domain owner and their DNS infrastructure is protected against network adversaries. Similarly, communication between the entity generating the private key and requesting the certificate, e.g., the domain owner, and the webserver(s) where the private key and certificate are installed, is assumed to be protected against network adversaries. Furthermore, it assumes that all CAs are benign and correctly follow all necessary validation procedures as described in the relevant standardization documents. Cryptographic domain validation can be used on domains that are contained in both domain validation certificates (where only the domain name in a certificate is validated) and extended or organization validated certificates (where information like organization identity as well as domain name is validated). Cryptographic domain validation only hardens the security of the validation of domain names, not broader identities (e.g., organization names). The use of cryptographically-constrained domain validation in an OV or EV certificate only improves the validation of the domain name(s) contained in the certificate (in the common name or subject-alternate names fields) and does not impact the validation of other forms of identity contained in the certificate. Use of cryptographically-constrained domain validation in a DV certificate does not imply validation of any identity beyond the domain name(s) in the certificate. The defense involves the domain owner specifying a policy indicating their desire for cryptographically-constrained domain validation via DNS CAA records and securely communicating these records to all CAs. Hence, a core aspect of cryptographically-constrained domain validation is 1) ensuring secure policy lookups, and 2) preventing downgrade attacks that convince a CA to issue a certificate using non-cryptographically-constrained domain validation.

Secure Policy Lookup The authenticity of the retrieved security CAA record SHOULD be protected to prevent an active network adversary from modifying its content. Authenticity can either be ensured by signing the security CAA record or by retrieving the security CAA record via an authenticated channel. Any security CAA record not protected by such a signature or authenticated channel may not benefit from the security properties outlined in this document. The term "authenticated DNS lookup" refers a DNS lookup that is authenticated using either a signed record or an authenticated channel.

Signed Record A security CAA record SHOULD be protected with a valid DNSSEC signature chain going back to the ICANN DNSSEC root, to prove the authenticity of the record and its content.

Authenticated Channel If it is not possible to have a DNSSEC signature chain back to the ICANN root, security CAA records SHOULD alternately be hosted on an authoritative DNS resolver that supports recursive-to-authoritative authenticated channels. Authenticated channels between recursive and authoritative nameservers could be deployed as described in and leverage DoT, DoQ, or DoH as protocols providing an authenticated channel. Since secure policy lookup considers a more stringent threat model than the passive network adversary in , the deployment MUST also implement defenses against active adversaries highlighted in . One option to implement these defenses is by creating DNSSEC-protected SVCB DNS records at the authoritative nameserver. These SVCB records provide a signaling mechanism for authoritative nameservers offering authenticated channel. Furthermore, the authenticity of the TLS certificate public key used to establish the channel MUST be protected, e.g., by specifying the public key hash as an SVCB parameter. This step is crucial to achieve our desired security properties, since it eliminates the circular dependency of requiring an authentic TLS certificate to secure the issuance of new TLS certificate.

Downgrade Prevention To ensure that the CAA security Property is immediately and incrementally deployable without requiring all publicly-trusted CAs to understand the property, the CAA record containing the property MUST set the critical flag. Serving security CAA records over authenticated DNS channels or using authenticated DNS records (i.e., DNSSEC) is critical to the effectiveness of the records because a security CAA record not protected by authenticated DNS may be suppressed by an adversary that can manipulate DNS responses. This could potentially allow the adversary to downgrade validation to use a low-security method and undermine the security properties of the security Property Tag. If DNSSEC is used to authenticate the CAA record, a CA MUST only accept the non-existence of a security CAA record if its non-existence is proven by NSEC record as described in . If authenticated channels are used to authenticate the CAA record, CAs MUST also require recursive-to-authoritative DoT or DoH communication (and not permit standard unencrypted DNS connections) for any DNS responses that do not have a valid DNSSEC signature chain to a trusted root. This prevents downgrade attacks where an adversary attempts to interfere with the establishment of a DoT or DoH encrypted channel and cause a fallback to unencrypted DNS over UDP or TCP.

CAA security Property The CAA security Property Tag MUST be "security" and the flags field of a CAA record containing the security Property MUST have the critical bit set. In this document, we refer to a CAA record with these characteristics as a security CAA record.

Syntax The CAA security Property Value has the following sub-syntax (specified in ABNF as per ). Hence, the security Property Value can either be empty or entirely whitespace, or contain a list of semicolon-separated attribute name-value pairs. Similar to , attribute names are specified in letter-digit-hyphen Label (LDH-Label) form while attribute values can contain whitespace and any printable character except semicolon. Note that attribute values MUST contain at least one printable (non-whitespace) character. All attributes specified in an attribute-list MUST be unique. An attribute-list MUST NOT have two attributes with the same name specified even if they contain different attribute values.

Well-known Attributes The attribute-list MAY contain the following attributes. The attribute values of the attributes specified in this document have the following sub-syntax (specified in ABNF as per ).

1. methods: If specified, this attribute MUST have a non-empty comma-separated list of cryptographically-constrained domain validation methods that can be used to validate that particular domain. A CA MUST use one of the methods specified in the methods attribute value to perform cryptographically-constrained domain validation. If there is no method specified that the CA is capable of complying with, the CA MUST deny issuance.
2. options: If specified, this attribute MUST have a non-empty comma-separated list of options. A CA SHOULD try to honor any option specified in this list. If a CA does not understand an option or does not have that option implemented the, CA MAY proceed with issuance.
3. options-critical: If specified, this attribute MUST have a non-empty comma-separated list of options. To proceed with issuance, a CA MUST understand and implement all options specified in the options-critical attribute value.

The attribute-list MAY contain additional attributes and a CA MAY proceed with issuance even if it does not understand these additional attributes. Subsequent RFCs MAY standardize additional attributes.

Permissible Methods The following attributes MAY be specified in the methods attribute value. Each method specifies particular aspects of certificate issuance that MUST be satisfied for a certificate to be issued using that method. While some methods entail the use of CA/Browser Forum-compliant domain control validation methods, others do not entail CA/Browser Forum-compliant domain control validation and must be used in conjunction with a CA/Browser Forum-compliant domain control validation method to permit certificate issuance.

1. secure-dns-record-change: This method involves an applicant showing control of a DNSSEC-protected DNS record or a record that was retrieved via a DoH or DoT tunnel to the relevant authoritative nameservers used in the DNS resolution. This can be done via 1) the validation method "DNS Change" specified in the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted TLS Server Certificates (Section 3.2.2.4.7) or 2) the "dns-01" method of the ACME RFC . For this method to be satisfied, the FQDN where the DNS change is demonstrated MUST be protected by DNSSEC or lookups to the relevant authoritative nameservers MUST be conducted over authenticated channels (e.g., DoH/DoT).
2. http-validation-over-tls: This method involves the completion of an HTTP domain validation challenge over an HTTPS session using TCP port 443 where the server authenticates with an existing publicly-trusted valid certificate covering the domain in question. The certificate cannot be self-signed or expired. This method MAY be directly satisfied while a CA is performing the "Agreed-Upon Change to Website v2" domain control validation method specified in the the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted TLS Server Certificates (Section 3.2.2.4.18). The ACME "http-01" challenge specified in does not permit the use of HTTPS or port 443 when a CA is contacting the domain in question. A CA MAY still satisfy the http-validation-over-tls method even if it does not initiate connections to port 443 for HTTP challenges so long as either 1) the connection initiated to port 80 serves a redirect to the same domain name over HTTPS at port 443 and the connection to the domain at port 443 servers a valid, trusted certificate or 2) in addition to contacting the domain over port 80 the CA also contacts the domain over port 443 using HTTPS and the connection is established with a valid, trusted certificate and the same challenge value is observed. Operators of security-critical domains MAY choose not to permit this method since, unlike other cryptographically-constrained domain validation methods specified in this document, its security relies on the non-existence of malicious certificates for a domain at time of the creation of the security Property Tag in the domain's policy.
3. known-account-specifier: For a CA to issue a certificate using this method 1) there MUST exist a unique identifier for a CA subscriber account that is communicated with the CA out-of-band, over authenticated DNS lookups, or in another manner that is robust against man-in-the-middle adversaries, and 2) the CA may only issue a certificate to an applicant that has authenticated itself to the CA as having access to that specified subscriber account. A CA does not have permission to issue under this method unless both of these criteria are met. Once these criteria have been met, the CA MUST additionally perform a validation method that is compliant with the Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted TLS Server Certificates. Acceptable methods of communicating this account identifier include (but are not limited to): 1) the CAA ACME account URI extension, defined in , if retrieved via an authenticated DNS lookup 2) a DNS TXT record at an underscore-prefixed subdomain of the domain being validated, if retrieved via an authenticated DNS lookup. The syntax of presented in draft-sheth-identifiers-dns-00 MAY be used for this DNS record (e.g., "_accounturi-persist.example.com").
4. private-key-control: This method involves an applicant showing control of a private key that corresponds to a public key placed in a DNS record associated with the domain being validated. The private key must be used to sign a message containing: a unique identifier for the CA, the domain name(s) in the certificate, a timestamp, and a hash of the public key in the certificate. This message may be hashed and then have the signature generated over the hash of this message. Obtaining such a signed message from a certificate applicant authorizes the CA specified in the message to sign a certificate for those domain names with the specified public key within 24h of the timestamp provided in the message. The CA MUST retrieve the public key or a hash of the public key corresponding to the private key used for signing the message via an authenticated DNS lookup. After private key control is established, the CA MUST additionally perform a validation method that is compliant with the Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted TLS Server Certificates. The syntax of presented in draft-sheth-identifiers-dns-00 MAY be used to communicate the hash of a domain owner's public key (e.g., a DNS TXT record placed at "_pki-key-persist.example.com").

In the event that no methods attribute is specified in the attribute-list, all methods specified in this document are acceptable as well as cryptographically-constrained domain validation methods defined in future RFCs. Future RFCs MAY specify additional methods for cryptographically-constrained domain validation so long as they satisfy the properties of cryptographically-constrained domain validation (i.e., robustness against global man-in-the-middle adversaries).

Permissible Options The following options MAY be used in the options or options-critical attribute values.

1. authenticated-policy-retrieval: This option signifies to a CA that it MUST retrieve a domain's CAA security Property and any associated domain-owner identity (e.g., identifiers used for known-account-specifier and private-key-control) using authenticated DNS lookups or other authenticated channels. If a CA finds this option in the options-critical attribute and the CAA security Property was not retrieved using authenticated DNS lookups, the CA MUST NOT issue a certificate for that domain.

Additionally, a CA MAY choose to honor its own non-standardized options that do not need to be supported by other CAs or the IETF. These options MUST be prefixed with "ca-<ca_name>-" where ca_name is the name of the CA that initially developed the option.

Co-existence with other CAA Properties The behavior of a CA when encountering a CAA RRset that contains multiple CAA Properties, including a security Property, depends on the CAA Property Tags.

CAA security Property To minimize complexity and avoid the risk of unexpected behavior, a domain's entire cryptographically-constrained domain validation policy SHOULD be encoded into a single CAA security Property. If a CAA RRset contains multiple security Properties, a CA MUST block issuance if the certificate request does not comply with all of the security Tags. This ensures that if a new security Property Tag is specified, its security properties cannot be subverted by a stale security Property Tag.

CAA issue and issuewild Property If a domain specifies both security Properties and a set of issue and issuewild Properties, the CA MUST adhere to all security Properties, as described above, and the CA MUST adhere to the set of issue and issuewild Properties as described in .

CAA iodef Property The usage of the iodef Property is analogous to , i.e., it provides a CA the means of reporting certificate issue requests or cases of certificate issue for domains for which the Property appears in the Relevant RRset, when those requests or issuances violate the security policy of the Issuer or the FQDN holder. The iodef Property can be used to inform a domain owner about a blocked issuance due to an overly restrictive security Property.

Security Considerations Many of the security considerations regarding security CAA records are inherited from those of CAA records. Security CAA records do not increase the attack surface of fraudulent validations. Even in the presence of a security CAA record, standard domain control validation must be satisfied. Security CAA records reduce the attack surface of fraudulent validations by limiting which validation methods may be used and thus eliminating the risk posed by less-secure validation methods. Particularly, domains without a security CAA record are often highly vulnerable to man-in-the-middle adversaries that can intercept communications from a CA to the victim's domain. The security Property significantly reduces this attack surface. A DoS attack enabled by security CAA records is to target a domain already using a security CAA record and interfere with all of the permitted validation methods with the idea that the presence of the security CAA will prevent the domain from falling back on alternative validation methods. This attack vector is mitigated by the diversity of different methods available to domain owners for validating domain ownership using security CAA records. A domain owner may use an alternate method to satisfy the security CAA record. In the event that a domain owner truly cannot satisfy any cryptographically-constrained domain validation method, the domain owner can still mitigate this attack by removing the security CAA record, obtaining a certificate, and then reinstating the security CAA record once the attack is over. As with all CAA records, CAs should not cache stale CAA record lookups that block issuance and should instead recheck the CAA record set when a new issuance request is received. The CAA Security tag also permits CAs to retrieve DNS records via authenticated channels between recursive and authoritative DNS servers to provide authentication on domains that are not DNSSEC-signed. Even when these channels are appropriately authenticated (e.g., using the methods discussed in ), retrieving DNS records over authenticated channels does not provide the same properties as DNSSEC. Specifically, DNSSEC provides authenticated DNS responses whereas DNS over authenticated channels only provides authenticated transport of DNS responses. Thus, while providing protection against network adversaries, DNS over authenticated channels does not provide protection against compromised authoritative DNS servers. For example, if DNSSEC private keys are stored separately from the authoritative server, even a compromised authoritative server cannot forge authentic DNSSEC records. DNS over authenticated channels also does not provide the same attestation properties as DNSSEC.

IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions.

Normative References Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal syntax. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many Internet specifications. The current specification documents ABNF. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges. This specification also supplies additional rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical analyzer of the type common to several Internet specifications. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Authenticated denial of existence allows a resolver to validate that a certain domain name does not exist. It is also used to signal that a domain name exists but does not have the specific resource record (RR) type you were asking for. When returning a negative DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) response, a name server usually includes up to two NSEC records. With NSEC version 3 (NSEC3), this amount is three. This document provides additional background commentary and some context for the NSEC and NSEC3 mechanisms used by DNSSEC to provide authenticated denial-of-existence responses. Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 (PKIX) certificates are used for a number of purposes, the most significant of which is the authentication of domain names. Thus, certification authorities (CAs) in the Web PKI are trusted to verify that an applicant for a certificate legitimately represents the domain name(s) in the certificate. As of this writing, this verification is done through a collection of ad hoc mechanisms. This document describes a protocol that a CA and an applicant can use to automate the process of verification and certificate issuance. The protocol also provides facilities for other certificate management functions, such as certificate revocation. The Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) DNS record allows a domain to communicate an issuance policy to Certification Authorities (CAs) but only allows a domain to define a policy with CA-level granularity. However, the CAA specification (RFC 8659) also provides facilities for an extension to admit a more granular, CA-specific policy. This specification defines two such parameters: one allowing specific accounts of a CA to be identified by URIs and one allowing specific methods of domain control validation as defined by the Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) protocol to be required. The Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) DNS Resource Record allows a DNS domain name holder to specify one or more Certification Authorities (CAs) authorized to issue certificates for that domain name. CAA Resource Records allow a public CA to implement additional controls to reduce the risk of unintended certificate mis-issue. This document defines the syntax of the CAA record and rules for processing CAA records by CAs. This document obsoletes RFC 6844. This document sets out steps that DNS servers (recursive resolvers and authoritative servers) can take unilaterally (without any coordination with other peers) to defend DNS query privacy against a passive network monitor. The protections provided by the guidance in this document can be defeated by an active attacker, but they should be simpler and less risky to deploy than more powerful defenses. The goal of this document is to simplify and speed up deployment of opportunistic encrypted transport in the recursive-to-authoritative hop of the DNS ecosystem. Wider easy deployment of the underlying encrypted transport on an opportunistic basis may facilitate the future specification of stronger cryptographic protections against more-powerful attacks. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.

Acknowledgments TODO acknowledge.